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“The great question of the day,” he declared ‘will not be decided by resolutions and majority votes, but by blood and iron.”
In addition, Bismarck strengthened the Prussian army and after 1863 embarked on a series of wars to force the north German states to accept Prussian leadership.
Bismarck’s fears grew even greater after the new Kaiser dismissed him as chancellor in 1890 and proceeded to rule Germany himself. From then on, Germany was headed towards catastrophe.
The French suffered the most disastrous defeat and the War ended with a fearful humiliation. On January 18, 1871, the new, united German Reich (state) was publicly announced, but not in Berlin, the Prussian capital. The ceremony took place in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, near Paris, the luxurious palace built in the 17th century by King Louis XIV as a symbol of royal power.
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Unification of Germany and Otto von Bismarck
Wilhelm II's Role in the Coming of World War One
Origin and Causes of World War One
Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor
Hopes of a Democratic Germany Destroyed
Bismarck belonged to the Junkers, the Prussian landowning class. He was totally opposed to all liberal or democratic ideas and when he set about to make Prussia the leader of a German empire and its king, Wilhelm I, the Kaiser, Bismarck expressed his political ideas in a very forceful fashion.
Bismarck, Despot and Dictator
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Next, Bismarck set about curbing the ability of France to oppose the growing power of Prussia.This he did by provoking France into a war, the Franco-Prussian War which took place in 1870-1871.
Not many people in history could claim to have created a new country virtually single-handed. But one of them was Otto von Bismarck who between 1862 and 1871 transformed Germany into a mighty and increasingly dangerous empire.
Bismarck became Prussia’s prime minister in 1862 and soon proved that he meant what he said. He imposed censorship, so muzzling the Prussian press. He told the Prussian parliament that he intended to direct the state without consulting its members, and he had all liberal-minded officials removed from posts in the Prussian civil service.
It never happened, for Frederick died of throat cancer on June 15, 1888 only ninety nine days after the death of his father and was succeeded by his son as Kaiser Wilhelm II. If anything, the second Wilhelm, who lived on dreams of military glory, was even worse than Bismarck and with his accession all hopes of a democratic future were extinguished.
The new Kaiser, Wilhelm I,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], rewarded Bismarck by making him chancellor of Germany and gave him the title of prince. Bismarck soon became known as the Iron Chancellor and forged the new, united Germany into a proud and pugnacious nation.
Wilhelm Dismisses Bismarck
Bismarck had only himself to blame. He had actively encouraged the new Kaiser’s militaristic mentality and given him big ideas about making Germany a world power with himself as the mightiest ruler in the world.
European liberals were horrified, but took heart from the fact that the Kaiser’s heir Crown Prince Frederick, was devoted to liberal ideas. When Frederick became Kaiser,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the liberals were certain,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Germany would become more democratic.
The New Germany Challenges France
If the liberals were appalled at the accession of such an arrogant, jingoistic leader, Bismarck,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], for once, agreed that they had a great deal to worry about. The Iron Chancellor might be a despot, but he was an astute politician and became afraid of the damage Wilhelm might do to the peace of Europe.
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