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In conclusion, the years from 500 CE to 1100 CE were referred to as the Dark Ages because historians believed that civilization collapsed when the Roman Empire fell. Modern academics and historians currently refer to this era as the early Middles Ages. During this period, warfare began its transformation from the classical style of combat into the early Middle ages’ style of battle when iron weapons were introduce onto the battlefield. The era consisted of celebrated commanders such as Attila, Muhammad, Charlemagne, and William the Conqueror.
Major Battles in the Middle Ages
Early battles during this age were fought on foot. Later during the eighth century CE, when stirrups were introduced into Europe, horses became more significant in war. Stirrups gave a horseman a more secure seat during battle where he was not easily knocked off his warhorse. In Europe, many armies were made up of a few hundred infantrymen, while in Arabia and China armies were large and they were made up of thousands of soldiers.
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Many Viking raiders went in search of treasure and slaves often traveling in small numbers. Their raids were usually successful because they came to the towns and villages without warning. Viking soldiers often carried a spear in battle. It was made of ash wood with an iron head. These weapons were thrown at the enemy and gathered up after the battle. Swords were highly valued by the Vikings. They decorated their swords with gold and silver. Fifth, in 1066 CE, King Harold of England defeats King Harald of Norway at the battle of Stamford Bridge. Later, Harold is defeated by William Duke of Normandy at the battle of Hastings. And sixth, in 1071 CE, the Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantines at Manzikert and conquer much of Anatolia.
From 500 CE to 1100 CE, warfare became more deadly with the introduction of iron weapons. Weapons makers began building iron swords, knives, battleaxes, and spears. The development of iron weapons meant that soldiers needed better protection during combat operations. At first infantrymen used their wooden shields covered in leather. Later, chain mail was worn on the battlefield. Chain mail consisted of looped metal rings. Chain mail protected a soldier’s body, while a metal helmet protected his head. Because chain mail was expensive to make, many warriors wore a thick leather breastplate.
Read on
Warfare and the Classical World
The Great War and Tank Theory
Military Revolutions and Battlefield Innovations
Warfare and Civilization
Andrew, Roberts; Art of War; Quercus Publication, 2009Holmes, Richard; Battlefield; Oxford University Press, 2006Zimmerman [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Dwigfht Jon; THE BOOK OF WAR; Tess Press , 2008Zimmerman, Dwight Jon; THE BOOK OF WEAPONS: Tess Press, 2009.
During the Middles Ages there were several major military engagements that demonstrated the strategy, tactics, and weapons employed for combat in this era. First, in 553CE, the Franks were defeated and massacred at the battle of Casilinum, near Capua, in Italy. Many sixth century Frankish warriors carried a battle-ax, an angon, and a barbed spear into battle, but these weapons were not enough at the battle of Casilinum. Second, in 636 CE, the Arabs defeat the Byzantines at Yarmuk. Third, in 732 CE [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Charles Martel defeats the Moors at Poitiers. Fourth, in 793 CE [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the Vikings raided the monastery of Lindisfarne off the north coast of England.
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