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Last Month the Food and Drug Administration revealed 36 health warning labels, nine of which will become a part of each cigarette pack very soon. The images include corpse, diseased lungs and respiratory masks.
The new labels will cover half of each pack and carton of cigarettes, and 20% of any cigarette advert and are intended to encourage smokers to give up their habit by demonstrating the effects of smoking on health. The graphic warnings are required according to a legislation approved in 2009 that provided the FDA with the authority to regulate tobacco products.
Public health authorities believe that the new warnings will breathe a new life into the nationwide antismoking campaign,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which has stalled recently. Nearly 20.6% or 46.6 million adult Americans smoke, as well as 3.4 million adolescents. The adult module of CDC’s Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity, and Economic Costs (SAMMEC) system was used to calculate the SAM and YPLL rates for 19 disease categories. Five-year average annual SAM and YPLL rates were computed from annual reports generated through SAMMEC.
These estimates only cover deaths among persons aged ≥35 years. Deaths attributable to secondhand smoke or from smoking-related fires were not included. Sex-, race-, and age-specific smoking-attributable deaths were calculated by multiplying the total number of deaths in each of the 19 disease categories by the estimate of the smoking-attributable fraction (SAF) of deaths for each demographic group.
These deaths were then grouped into three cause-of-death categories (malignant neoplasm, circulatory disease,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and respiratory disease). Both races were assumed to have the same relative risk for dying from a particular disease among the 19 disease categories attributable to smoking.
Missouri data for 2003–2007 from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to estimate the age-, sex-, and race-specific annual prevalence of current and former smoking in the state. Missouri death records for 2003–2007 were used to calculate the age-, sex-,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], race-, and disease-specific number of deaths each year.
The life expectancy (average remaining years of life) by age group and sex was calculated using the abridged life table,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and absolute and relative disparity indexes were computed for each smoking-related disease category comparing SAM rates for blacks to SAM rates for whites. T-tests were used to evaluate the statistical significance (p≤0.05) of differences in SAM/YPLL rates between blacks and whites for the three major disease categories and major diseases.
Newly-registered clients at the smoking cessation clinic first fill out the Fagerstrom questionnaire to determine their level of nicotine addiction as well as undergoing a physical examination and a consultation with a doctor to determine whether they need nicotine replacement therapy. The nicotine skin patches contain only purified nicotine without harmful substances such as ammonia, arsenic and carbon monoxide commonly found in cigarettes.
Dr Ernina Nasdzarinah said that the patches are only a temporary aid for moderately to highly addicted smokers and are applied in conjunction with counselling for better success rates. Over 12 weeks, the dosage of nicotine will become smaller,cheap newport cigarettes, weaning the body off tobacco. Patients attend group counselling once a week for the first month and once every fortnight for the next two months.
The programme last for six months total,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], with patients attending sessions once a month for the last three months of treatment. As many as 50 officers and staff of the Department of Youth and Sports attended the briefing which covered multiple aspects of the dangers of smoking and highlights the steps a smoker can take to stop smoking.
Anyone who seeks to quit smoking can contact the Health Promotion Centre at 2385800 or any one of the four smoking cessation clinics at Berakas A, Sengkurong,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Seria and Tutong .