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A crude analogy can be made to a western style of government. The jirga is t
There are three categories of Pashtuns, who account for roughly twelve percent of the Afghan population: nang Pashtuns, qalang Pashtuns Puma Fluxion, and kuchi Pashtuns.
Nang (honor) Pashtuns live in “low-production zones” in the mountainous regions, far out of reach of government. They are driven by honor and have honed a predatory nature by raiding and pillaging the sedentary Pashtun tribes for survival over centuries.
Types of Pashtuns
Today the Taliban almost entirely cull their support from the Pashtuns of Afghanistan and Pakistan who number 40 million in total. Twelve to fifteen million are in Afghanistan, while 28 million live in Pakistan. War and anarchy created 2.5 million refugees. Afghan President, Hamid Karzai is an ethnic Pashtun.
Pashtunwali means “acting like a Pashtun” and represents the core of Pashtun ideal behaviors: courage (tora), revenge (badal), hospitality (melmastia), generosity to a defeated enemy (nanawati), and obeying the voice of the tribal assembly (jirga). Nang (honor) simmers in the heart of every Pashtun.
To betray Pashtunwali could result in being censured by the tribe, and thus stripped of tribal protections in one of the most inhospitable regions on earth—a virtual death sentence.
Pashtunwali
Pashtun Origins
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Understanding Who Are the Taliban
Lineage-Based Tribal System
Qalang (taxes or rent) Pashtuns live in the fertile valleys and agricultural belts who, under the influence and reach of government, pay taxes and levies. They are bound to the land they cultivate. The nang victimize them in raids, and corrupt government police and army units brutally coerce them.
Pashtun tribal governance can be divided into three branches of authority. The collective of tribal leaders is called the jirga. The mullahs are members of the religious institution called the ulema shura. The central government, or state representative is known as the wali, or district govenor.
In 1893 the British Foreign Secretary of India, Sir Henry Mortimer Durand cut their homeland, of over four hundred years, in two.
In all disputes tribal members side with their next closest male relative against relatives of distant relation. Locals will coalesce, joining sides against outsiders or foreigners. Cultural collective responsibility and reciprocity define their social order, with the goal of sustaining tribe and clan cohesion.
Kuchi (nomadic) Pashtuns roam the land, leading their herds from pasture to pasture as their ancestors had done for a millennium. They are purely nomadic herders, the smallest population of the three groups Puma Drift Cat, and are a marginalized Pashtun branch.
During the 16th and 17th centuries Pashtun tribes and clans migrated across the Hindu Kush Puma Lift, seeking safe haven from the Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkomen, and Hazara who fought and populated the lands north of the Hindu Kush and into Transoxiana. Pashtun tribes streamed into southern Afghanistan and northwest Pakistan, where they settled and gained collective political and tribal strength over the next three hundred years.
The Pashtun system of governance is unique in that the tribes, clans, and subsections (extended families) are ranked by their descent, or lineage from a common male ancestor. In theory, adult Pashtun males share equal status and do not have to answer to another Pashtun male, or heed the rule of a tribal khan.
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